![]() Furthermore, stipulating that various EE components are coordinated to enable entrepreneurship suggests a top-down approach to EE development and excludes organic cluster formation (see Feldman et al., 2005). Spilling, 1996) and that the elements of an EE are inter-related, since they can function separately, rather than inter-dependent. However, a workable definition cannot overlook that EEs operate within a geographic region (cf. Instead, this paper builds on the work of Stam (2015) who defines EEs succinctly as a “set of inter-dependent actors and factors coordinated in such a way that they enable productive entrepreneurship” (p. ![]() Such an unwieldy, multi-level and multi-dimensional definition poses considerable clarity and measurement difficulties going forward. Mason and Brown (2013) define entrepreneurial ecosystems (EEs) as consisting of interconnected entrepreneurial actors, organizations, institutions, processes and personal attributes, which “formally and informally coalesce to connect, mediate and govern the performance within the local entrepreneurial environment” (p. ![]() For an overview, see the recent Special Issue on entrepreneurial ecosystems in Small Business Economics ( Acs et al., 2017). where individuals discover, evaluate and exploit opportunities for creating new goods and services ( Shane and Venkataraman, 2000 Venkataraman, 1997). 19–20)Īttributing this ecosystems viewpoint to the academic field of entrepreneurship has yielded the “entrepreneurial ecosystem” concept – a nascent framework for understanding the broader context within which entrepreneurship occurs: i.e. The tallest oak in the forest is the tallest not just because it grew from the hardiest acorn it is the tallest also because no other trees blocked its sunlight, the soil around it was deep and rich, no rabbit chewed through its bark as a sapling, and no lumberjack cut it down before it matured. Gladwell (2008) provides a poignant example of this perspective when suggesting that: Moore (1993) observed that businesses are embedded within a wider relational context of suppliers, customers and regulatory frameworks – subsequently introducing the notion of a business “ecosystem.” Borrowing from biology, the ecosystem approach focuses on the interaction of key actors with their physical environment, rather than their individual attributes alone. Favorable business environments enable such entrepreneurs to better leverage their personal resources, which translates into improved firm performance. We argue that the direct effects of entrepreneurs' psychological capital, social capital and entrepreneurial education are moderated by key aspects of the broader context within which their businesses operate. We shed light on this topic by testing for specific moderation effects between entrepreneurs' personal resources and their business environment. Yet questions remain about how these two aspects interact to influence firm performance and without evidence, such notions remain in the shadowy realm of conjecture. ![]() Productive entrepreneurship is always a combination of self and circumstance (cf. The full terms of this licence may be seen at Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Copyright © 2020, ©Andrei Alexander Lux, Flávio Romero Macau and Kerry Ann Brown License
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